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III. BACK GROUND INFORMATION

OF THE DISTRICT

 

3.1 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE DISTRICT

West Singhbhum came into being in the year 1989-90, after East Singhbhum, district was carved out of the erstwhile-undivided Singhbhum district. Again in April 2001 the West Singhbhum was divided into two districts, North part of the West Singhbhum i.e. eight Blocks of Seraikela division was separated and became Seraikela-Kharswan district. Geographically, the district is situated between north latitude 210 58’ and 230 56’and East longitude 850 & 860. The district forms part of the southern fringe of the Chhotanagpur plateau and is highly upland tract. There are hills alternating with plains, steep mountains, and deep forests on the mountain slope. The altitude varies 205 to 610 meters above mean sea level with hills and hillocks, valleys and rivers. The average elevation (altitude) is 244 meters above mean sea level. In the North side of the district is Seraikella-Kharswan district, south side of the district in surrounded by parts of Orissa state in its east side East Singhbhum and parts of orissa state and in the West side it has Ranchi district and part of orissa state. The geographical area of the district is 5.19 lakh hectare.

              For administrative convenience, the district has been divided into two subdivisions namely Chaibasa Sadar and Chakradharpur. Chaibasa being the districts headquarter all district level office are located here. The district has 15 blocks, 204 Panachayats and 1692 revenue villages .The detailed description was given in the table No. 3.1 The important towns of the district are Chaibasa and Chakradharpur.

            Agriculture is the main stay of the economy of the district. However, the agriculture is mainly for subsistence and it is yet to be taken up on a commercial basis due to lack of irrigation and other infrastructure bottlenecks.

            The district is endowed with abundant mineral and forest resources. Iron ore mines are located in Noamundi, Manoharpur blocks. Other minerals those are available in the district include limestone, china clay, Manganese, soapstones etc.

            West Singhbhum is one of the richest districts of Jharkhand in forest resources.

The species of forest trees, which are found in the district, include Sal, Dhaura, Mahua ,

Kendu, Bamboo, Asan, Karan etc. The major products of forest include timber, poles, firewood, Sal Seed, Mahua Seed, Sabai grass.

            The district prominently figures in the industrial map of Jharkhand .The industrial centers include Jhinkpani (ACC cement Plant) , Chakradharpur (SSI industy like LOC Industry , Biscuit Manufacturing Industry etc.)

 

Table 3.1 Block Wise Geographical Information of Villages & Panchayat

Sl. No.

Name of the Block

Geographical Area

No. of Gram Panchayat

No. of villages

1

Chaibasa

15778.36

9

77

2

Khuntpani

35129.65

12

116

3

Tantnagar

20808.10

11

76

4

Manjhari

31371.64

12

64

5

Manjhgaon

27988.18

12

88

6

Kumardungi

37801.30

12

83

7

Jhinkpani

27874.48

10

51

8

Jagannathpur

30891.96

14

89

9

Tonto

38934.04

11

84

10

Noamundi

41130.32

11

71

11

Chakradharpur

38756.25

18

183

12

Sonua

47215.86

18

172

13

Goilkera`

31583.26

18

166

14

Manoharpur

56046.74

20

156

15

Bandgaon

38515.22

16

216

 

Total

519825.36

204

1692

  

3.2       Socio-Economic Features

Demographic Pattern :  The total population of the district is 12,31,958 as per 2001 census, of which 6,18,073 are male 6,13,885 are female. The population density per square KM is 237 with sex ratio of 993 per 1000 males. The scheduled tribe population constitutes 65.31% and scheduled cast constitutes 4.68% of the total population of the district. The block wise demographic pattern of the district is given in table 3.2

 

Table 3.2 Block Wise Area Demographic Pattern Of West Singhbhum

Sl.No

Block

Total Population (Census 2001)

% of Literacy

Sex wise

Workers No.

Category wise

 

Total No. of Male

Total No. of Female

Agriculture

Non-Agriculture

SC

ST

Others

1

Sadar Chaibasa

136006

57.84

69844

66162

19929

18086

5788

59615

48667

2

Khuntpani

63544

33.85

31431

32113

20309

2473

779

47642

8904

3

Tantnagar

48654

33.45

24183

24471

14630

870

647

32966

9786

4

Manjhgaon

54093

28.43

26751

27342

19015

859

1005

37555

4839

5

Manjhari

56670

32.70

27953

28717

19100

1698

1124

35275

12504

6

Kumardungi

66696

28.76

32793

33903

23239

1476

1385

44269

2846

7

Jhinkpani

72901

34.58

36200

36701

18455

5091

2619

40421

21237

8

Jagannathpur

84565

39.09

42252

42313

22039

5370

4714

41493

26686

9

Tonto

53911

24.52

26921

26990

16584

1287

1520

38143

6739

10

Nuamundi

99812

44.85

50986

48826

14578

13400

7105

46520

32607

11

Chakradharpur

168922

49.73

85099

83823

35910

16237

9214

69313

71813

12

Sonua

81266

33.20

40649

40617

25633

4148

4432

48529

20319

13

Goelkera

76535

25.91

38278

38257

23897

2121

1318

56223

8821

14

Manoharpur

103096

36.75

51925

51171

27824

5786

5295

59787

24649

15

Bandgaon

65287

31.17

32808

32479

20958

1723

3549

48419

8566

TOTAL

1231958

35.66

618073

613885

322100

80625

50494

706170

308983

 

LITERACY :  The block wise literacy rate was given in table 3.2. The overall literacy rate of the district is 38.54%

 

OCCUPATION : The percentage of main workers to total population of the district is 37.2 and the percentage of agricultural labour to total main workers is 79.98%. The block wise information on workforce engaged in different occupations is given in table 3.2

 

HOUSEHOLDS :  There are total 1692 villages in the district in which 47 villages are un-inhabited. The block wise details are given in table 3.3

 

Table 3.3 Block wise Information on Villages

Sl. No.

Block

No. of Villages

Total

Inhabited

Un-inhabited

1

Sadar Chaibasa

76

01

77

2

Khuntpani

116

-

116

3

Tantnagar

76

-

76

4

Manjhgaon

87

01

88

5

Manjhari

64

-

65

6

Kumardungi

83

-

83

7

Jhinkpani

51

-

51

8

Jagannathpur

85

04

89

9

Tonto

80

04

84

10

Nuamundi

64

7

71

11

Chakradharpur

169

14

183

12

Sonua

165

07

172

13

Goelkera

161

05

166

14

Manoharpur

155

01

156

15

Bandgaon

213

03

216

TOTAL

1645

47

1692

 

3.3 LAND UTILIZATION :

Total geographical area of the district is 5.198 lakh hectare out of which nearly 42.5% area comes under net cultivated area, 21% covered forests and the rest 36.5% area fall under barren, cultivable west, pasture and other agricultural use. The land utilization pattern of different blocks of West Singbhum District is given in table 3.4.

 

Table 3.4 LAND USE CLASSIFICATION

Block

Geogra phical Area (in ha.)

Cultiv able Area (in ha.)

Cultivated Area (in ha.)

Cultivable waste land

Current Fallow

Forest Land

Pasture

Land put to Non-Agric.

Land under misc. plantation

Barren & Cultivable Waste land

Sadar Chaibasa

15778.36

11091.64

9739.34

696.88

1834.87

40.10

46.04

1061.66

-

1007.17

Khuntpani

35129.65

13355.02

8853.83

4897.37

4658.70

4825.38

-

4632.98

-

2760.20

Tantnagar

20808.10

11180.36

3920.66

1847.43

1279.84

851.16

344.33

2232.86

237.08

2835.04

Manjhgaon

31371.64

13312.14

8647.95

1043.96

4324.93

8327.28

-

2256.39

-

2106.94

Manjhari

27988.18

15067.46

12953.32

1048.42

2970.18

4856.79

-

1600.66

660.54

1784.13

Kumardungi

37801.30

15378.48

11441.15

1462.14

4481.01

11819.21

28.21

1877.43

79.05

2675.77

Jhinkpani

27874.48

16379.31

9549.02

1270.00

1855.26

2651.56

1484.47

1689.77

226.91

2317.20

Jagannathpur

30891.96

14955.32

12411.08

2415.05

3185.03

3520.43

20.17

2441.25

767.93

3586.78

Tonto

38934.04

9941.07

8629.00

3171.73

3817.16

13727.03

-

3199.02

-

5078.03

Nuamundi

41130.32

11106.73

12411.08

3479.13

6906.50

11945.23

136.84

2153.21

1280.25

4122.43

Chakradharpur

38756.25

19595.84

17193.70

2127.06

4852.36

6339.35

284.54

3743.93

47.83

1765.34

Sonua

47215.86

15133.89

10153.59

3600.07

6181.14

13780.17

192.28

3173.62

411.52

4743.14

Goelkera

31583.26

12776.69

10902.07

2192.37

3597.11

7174.03

14.99

2268.44

128.48

3431.15

Manoharpur

56046.74

19544.31

15725.34

4005.61

5358.30

15159.73

-

5893.85

705.22

5379.72

Bandgaon

38515.22

21306.99

12663.07

1981.41

5626.25

4606.63

70.67

2163.48

1040.29

1719.53

TOTAL

519825.36

220125.25

165194.20

35238.63

60928.64

109624.08

2622.54

40388.55

5585.10

45312.57

 

3.4 Agro-Climatic Information

The state of Jharkhand has been divided into three zones namely zone IV central & north eastern plateau zone consisting district of Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Bokaro, Giridih, Kodarma, Dhanbad, Deoghar, Godda, Dumka, Sahibgang & Pakur ), zone V ( Western plateau zone consisting districts of Lohardaga, Gumla, Palamau, Garhwa & Chatra ) and zone VI (South Eastern Plateau Zone consisting districts of East and West Singhbhum ) The agro-climatic conditions of the zones and their characteristics have been summarized in table 3.5

 

Table 3.5 Agro- Climatic Condition of Jharkhand State

Agro-Climatic Conditions of Jharkhand

Parameter

Zones

1. Rainfall
    (m.m)

Central and North Eastern Plateau IV

Western Plateau V

South Eastern Platieau VI

June-Sept

1089 (82.4%)

1174 (83.3%)

1053 (80.6%)

Oct-Nov

90 (6.0%)

96 (6.7%)

69 (5.3%)

Dec-Feb

54 (4.1%)

71 (5.0%)

58 (4.4%)

March-May

88 (6.1%)

68 (4.8%)

122 (9.4%)

Total

1321

1409

1304

2. Temp 0C

Average

25.2 0C

25.8 0C

27.2 0C

Maximum

44.2 0C

43.6 0C

44.0 0C

Minimum

04.8 0C

05.3 0C

06.6 0C

3. Soil

Texture

Sandy loam to loam

Sandy loam to loam

Loamy sand to clay

pH

5.0-6.0

5.5-6.5

5.0-5.5

Org C(%)

0.2-0.8

0.2-0.6

0.2-0.5

Avail P(kg/ha)

10-40

10-40

4-20

Avail k(kg/ha)

160-350

150-300

150-250

 

Agro-Ecological Situation : Based on variation in Topography, Soil type, availability of irrigation & cropping pattern each agro-climatic zones has been divided into several agro-ecological situations or farming situations with a view to generate location specific technologies to cater to the needs of the farmers as described in table no. 3.6

 

Table 3.6 Identified Agro-Ecological Situations in West Singhbhum District

      Sl. No. AES

Agro Ecological Situation

Approximate coverage (%)

Special Features

Representative villages

Blocks

1.

Kolhan-Porahat upper plateau rain fed and dense forest based

20

Comparatively at higher altitude, hilly tracts, moderate temperature regime, high rainfall, dense forest based, iron rich red laterite soils, presence of natural streams. Ber & Palas trees found

1. Lumbai

2. Baraiburu

1. Bandhgaon

2. Nuvamundi

2.

Kolhan lower plateau rain fed moderately high & forest based

30

Comparatively at moderate altitude, high rainfall, forest based, organic matter rich soils, availability of medicinal & aromatic plants and goatery predominant enterprise.

1. Kulaburu

2. Anjedbeda

1. Kumardungi

2. Khutpani

3.

Kolhan comparatively plain and rain fed

50

Comparatively plain lands, rare forest vegetation, less rainfall, higher temperature, soils are sandy & loamy and engulfed with tiny (rainy) seasonal rivulets.

1. Kudahatu

2. Barkundia

1.Jagannathpur                        

2. Sadar Chaibasa

 

Climate - The climate in general is classified as sub humid mega-thermal with large winter water deficiency. Climate of the cropping season changes from hot to humid during major parts of kharif (June to Sept), and cold to arid during rabi (Octobers to March).

Temperature - The temperature varies across different AES. In block of Noamundi, place like Kiruburu, Meghatuburu and Tholkobad, those in higher altitude of 600 to 610 meter the average temperature is much lower then the average temperature of the district. In these areas even in summer season the nocturnal temperature is 4 0C to 5 0C less then that of the relatively planer areas of the district. Even in hot summer these areas have dramatically lower temperature & cooler weather. The highest temperature month of this district is May to June 2nd week. Maximum temperature rises up to 43 0C to 44 0C and minimum of that day up to 27 to 30C. December or January are the coldest month lowest temperature are recorded in the month of January. Though the minimum-recorded temperature is 6 0C but it generally varies between 7 0C to 9 0C. However month wise daily temperatures are depicted in table no. 3.7. However the records of humidity were not maintained here.

 

Table 3.7 Whether Parameter of West Singhbhum District

Sl. No.

Month

Max. Temp 0C

Min. Temp 0C

Avg. Temp 0C

1

January

17

6.2

11.6

2

February

21

8

14.5

3

March

29.9

14.5

22.2

4

April

34.6

17

25.8

5

May

44.3

28.2

36.25

6

June

42.1

26

34.05

7

July

41.5

25.2

33.35

8

August

36.2

22.4

29.3

9

September

32.2

20.2

26.2

10

October

29

18.2

23.6

11

November

25

15.3

20.15

12

December

18

9.3

13.65

 

RainfallThere is large variation in the amount of total rainfall (900mm to 1500mm). The normal rainfall of the district in 1250.43mm against the state average of 1340mm about 90 percent of the total rainfall occurs during four monsoon month is June to September, during the monsoon redden peak amounting 200 to 350mm of rainfall in a week with intensities as high as 250mm per day have been observed. Monthly average rainfall the district for last 10 years (91 to 2000) is shown in the table 3.8 & Fig uyuu. The rainfall recorded in different blocks of West Singhbhum is given in Table No. 3.9.

 

Table 3.8 Monthly Average Rainfall of West Singhbhum District.

Month

Ave. Rainfall in yr 1991

Ave. Rainfall in yr 1992

Ave. Rainfall in yr 1993

Ave. Rainfall in yr 1994

Ave. Rainfall in yr 1995

Ave. Rainfall in yr 1996

Ave. Rainfall in yr 1997

Ave. Rainfall in yr 1998

Ave. Rainfall in yr 1999

Ave. Rainfall in yr 2000

Ave. Rainfall of ten yrs

January

6.83

8.50

0.00

3.50

23.93

17.21

6.97

128.56

0.00

1.00

19.65

February

5.00

3.81

0.00

23.24

9.76

9.47

1.91

11.14

0.00

30.16

9.45

March

13.95

5.66

14.16

0.00

30.00

1.54

6.17

49.20

0.00

0.00

12.07

April

22.73

9.33

82.65

20.69

3.95

7.67

31.56

51.24

0.00

21.08

25.09

May

32.32

52.43

98.81

55.09

75.73

30.56

33.07

48.37

167.50

78.64

67.25

June

46.51

171.43

213.65

329.40

136.32

329.29

267.61

84.91

248.34

198.04

202.55

July

236.42

304.39

232.22

548.67

293.40

277.81

298.70

187.98

305.50

289.32

297.44

August

384.19

232.18

278.23

295.70

319.92

272.76

354.69

122.91

336.90

112.38

270.99

September

169.75

215.18

280.94

135.56

346.22

74.27

117.83

183.16

274.28

261.45

205.86

October

32.38

17.56

32.90

69.24

59.78

18.23

39.10

103.00

163.52

19.04

55.48

November

3.58

7.00

3.20

2.50

73.00

0.00

22.76

51.06

2.05

0.00

16.52

December

29.30

0.00

1.23

0.00

8.85

0.00

45.63

0.00

0.00

0.00

8.50

TOTAL

982.96

1027.47

1237.99

1483.59

1380.86

1038.81

1226

1021.53

1498.09

1011.11

1190.84

 

3.9 Block Wise Rainfall in the West Singhbhum District

SL.NO

NAME OF THE BLOCK

YEAR

1998

1999

2000

1

CHAIBASA

No Rain Gauge

No Rain Gauge

1155.7

(From Hospital)

2

KHUNTPANI

"

"

No Rain Gauge

3

JHINKPANI

"

"

"

4

TONTO

"

"

"

5

JAGANNATHPUR

"

"

"

6

NOAMUNDI

"

"

"

7

MAGHGAON

1214.40

966.80

974.00

8

KUMARDUNGI

1208.80

1820.90

1115.70

9

MANJHARI

684.00

1052.50

802.00

10

TANTNAGAR

1254.20

1325.20

NA.

11

CKP

667.00

No Rain Gauge

No Rain Gauge

12

SONUA

767.50

997.30

695.20

13

GOILKERA

No Rain Gauge

No Rain Gauge

No Rain Gauge

14

MANOHARPUR

"

"

"

15

BANDGAON

"

"

"

TOTAL AVERAGE

965.98 (6 BLOCK)

1232.54 (5 BLOCK)

948.52 (5 BLOCK)

           

3.5 SOIL

Soils of this region are sedentary which developed from various rack systems mainly Archen Rocks (Granite Granite-Gneiss, Quartzite & Micaschist). Certain isolated areas of Granite are also seen and named as Singhbhum Granite extending from Chaibasa to Orissa. As a result soils developed in the district are very old and due to intensive leaching over the years, soils of the area are of poor fertility status. The soils are old with low base content, low cation exchange capacity (5-15 dSm-1), acidic in reaction low phosphate content. The characteristic of upland, medium land and low land are given below

 

Upland (64.8% of Cultivable Land)

¨       Red, brownish red in colour

¨       Light textured

¨       Well drained

¨       Acidic soil reaction

¨       Poor in organic carbon, nitrogen, Ca, Mg, P and S.

 

Medium Land (23.6% of Cultivable Area)

¨       Yellow, Yellowish in colour

¨       Light to medium textured

¨       Moderately acidic

¨       Poor in nitrogen, Ca, Mg and Organic matter

 

Low Land (11.6% of Cultivable Area)

¨       Grey or grayish in colour

¨       Heavy textured

¨       Neutral to slightly alkaline soil reaction

¨       Poor drained

¨       Medium in nitrogen and organic matter

 

Deficiency of Potassium, Sulphur, Boron and Molybdenum are reported in soils of the district.

 

3.6 IRRIGATION :

West Singhbhum has got 14.68 % of net sown area under different sources of irrigation. The block wise irrigated area is given in Table No. 3.10.

Rainfed Area : West Singhbhum has got 85.31% of net sown area under rainfed condition. Natural calamities such as high or low rainfall, early or late monsoon, high torrention rainfall, its uneven distribution during the monsoon period are the main causes which adversely effect in the progress of agriculture.

 

Table No. 3.10 BLOCK WISE IRRIGAED AND

RAINFED AREA OF WEST SINGHBHUM DISTRICT

 

Sl. No.

BLOCK

IRRIGATED AREA (In ha)

%

RAINFED AREA (In ha)

%

1

SADAR CHAIBASA

4632

39.63

7055

60.37

2

KHUNTPANI

3560

33.1

7193

66.90

3

JHINKPANI

702

7.19

9050

92.81

4

TONTO

804

3.29

8952

96.71

5

JAGANNATHPUR

348

7.68

10182

92.32

6

NOAMUNDI

460

4.13

10655

95.87

7

MANJHGAON

572

3.55

15496

96.45

8

KUMARDUNGI

1457

7.60

17706

92.40

9

MANJHARI

1692

15.56

9181

84.44

10

TANTNAGAR

1980

13.09

13146

86.91

11

CHAKRADHARPUR

7074

49.56

7197

50.44

12

SONUA

2100

16.06

10972

83.94

13

GOELKERA

387

3.45

11191

96.55

14

MANOHARPUR

469

3.14

14442

96.86

15

BANDGAON

1250

14.63

7293

85.37

GRAND TOTAL

27487

14.68

159711

85.31

 

3.7 Information on Land based system

Agriculture production system

Agriculture is the main stays of the economy of the district. Since the population of the ST & SC is 70 % of the total population and the literacy rate is 38.54 % most of the farmers take up agriculture as subsistence enterprise. Rice is the major crop of the district. The other important crops of the district are Ragi, Small millet, Maize, Vegetable, horsegram & Niger. The principal crops in terms of coverage and importance are given in table 3.11

 

Table 3.11 Principles crops of the District

Sl. No.

Crop

Kharif

Rabi

1.

Cereals

Rice, Ragi, Maize, Small millets

Wheat

2.

Pulses

Arhar, Kulthi, Urad, Mung

Gram, Pea, Lentil

3.

Oilseeds Crops

Ground nut, Soybean, Nizer, Sesmum

Mustard, Toria, Rye, Linseed, Safflower,

4.

Vegetable Crops

Bhindi, Chilli, Cucurbits, Bean

Potato, Onion, Brinjal, Tomato

5.

Fruit Crops

Papaya, Custard Apple, Jackfruit, Guava, Mango, Ber, Chironji

 

6.

Other Crops

Sugarcane

 

 

Note :- *At few places in the district, where irrigation water in available, in

summer also farmers take rice and vegetables at very scanty level.

 

Table 3.12 Area, Production & Productivity Of Field Crops Of West Singhbhum

(A = '000 Hec., P = '000 MT, Y = Kg/Hec.)

 

Crops

1985-86

1990-91

1995-96

2000-01

A

Y

P

A

Y

P

A

Y

P

A

Y

P

Paddy

375.54

1000

375.54

380.40

1193

454.84

258.43

1369

353.79

239.29

1724

412.71

Wheat

5.148

1120

5.766

8.654

1532

13.26

2.883

1763

5.08

1.66

1441.8

1.40

Maize

11.15

1614

18.00

8.973

942

8.455

6.747

1496.9

10.00

5.946

1668.9

9.92

(Pulse) Arhar

5.728

1000

5.728

1.960

740

1.450

2.802

658

1.8437

2.370

940

2.227.8

Urad

9.402

500

2.168

14.509

431

6.253

9.188

595

5.4669

8.768

626.87

5.49639

Moong

4.335

500

4.701

2.912

472

1.379

1.967

520

1.0228

1.789

533

9.5353

Kulthi

 

 

 

2.667

481

1.283

 

 

 

.598

477

2.8525

Gram

3.554

598

2.1253

3.923

551

2.162

2.023

896

1.8126

1.460

987.58

1.44188

Lentil (Masoor)

1.921

500

.96050

1.937

502

.972

1.337

562

.75130

.747

703.10

.52522

Pea

.659

500

.32950

.514

521

.268

.460

587

.27002

.655

702.60

.46020

Oil Seeds Groundnut

980

650

637

1555

1012

1574

898

883.39

793.28

669

646.20

432.30

Sesamum

1155

370

427

772

361

270

947

314

297.36

518

421.50

218.34

Soybean

 

 

 

1036

116

120

 

 

 

 

 

 

Niger

1.935

450129

.871

2.097

423.19

.887

 

 

 

.365

460

.16790

Rapeseed, Mustard & Toria

2.242

450

1.009

2.728

665

1.814

1.609

473

.761

1.442

450.86

.65014

Linseed

3.751

430

1.613

4.015

407

1.634

2.649

453.17

1.205

2.403

427.75

1.02788

Safflower

.071

500

.035

.021

610

.013

 

 

 

.028

495.50

.01388

 

Note : This data are of Un-divided Singhbhum District

 

The trend in Area, Production & Productivity of thrust crops of the district during the year 1985-86, 1990-91, 1995-96 & 2000-01 are illustrated in following figures.

 

Table 3.13 Area, Production & Productivity of Major Field Crops of West Singhbhum

Year 2001-02

Crops

Area (in ha)

Production (in MT)

Productivity (in Kg/ha)

Paddy

172271

254989

1384.28

Maize

3320

3726.70

1122.50

Wheat

1347

2350.80

1745.27

Arhar

1214

542.80

447.14