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III. BACK GROUND INFORMATION

OF THE DISTRICT

3.1 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE DISTRICT

West Singhbhum came into being in the year 1989-90, after East Singhbhum, district was carved out of the erstwhile-undivided Singhbhum district. Again in April 2001 the West Singhbhum was divided into two districts, North part of the West Singhbhum i.e. eight Blocks of Seraikela division was separated and became Seraikela-Kharswan district. Geographically, the district is situated between north latitude 21⁰ 58’ and 23⁰ 56’and East longitude 85⁰ & 86⁰. The district forms part of the southern fringe of the Chhotanagpur plateau and is highly upland tract. There are hills alternating with plains, steep mountains, and deep forests on the mountain slope. The altitude varies 205 to 610 meters above mean sea level with hills and hillocks, valleys and rivers. The average elevation (altitude) is 244 meters above mean sea level. In the North side of the district is Seraikella-Kharswan district, south side of the district in surrounded by parts of Orissa state in its east side East Singhbhum and parts of orissa state and in the West side it has Ranchi district and part of orissa state. The geographical area of the district is 5.19 lakh hectare.

For administrative convenience, the district has been divided into two subdivisions namely Chaibasa Sadar and Chakradharpur. Chaibasa being the districts headquarter all district level office are located here. The district has 15 blocks, 204 Panachayats and 1692 revenue villages .The detailed description was given in the table No. 3.1 The important towns of the district are Chaibasa and Chakradharpur.

Agriculture is the main stay of the economy of the district. However, the agriculture is mainly for subsistence and it is yet to be taken up on a commercial basis due to lack of irrigation and other infrastructure bottlenecks.

The district is endowed with abundant mineral and forest resources. Iron ore mines are located in Noamundi, Manoharpur blocks. Other minerals those are available in the district include limestone, china clay, Manganese, soapstones etc.

West Singhbhum is one of the richest districts of Jharkhand in forest resources.

The species of forest trees, which are found in the district, include Sal, Dhaura, Mahua ,

Kendu, Bamboo, Asan, Karan etc. The major products of forest include timber, poles, firewood, Sal Seed, Mahua Seed, Sabai grass.

The district prominently figures in the industrial map of Jharkhand .The industrial centers include Jhinkpani (ACC cement Plant) , Chakradharpur (SSI industy like LOC Industry , Biscuit Manufacturing Industry etc.)

Table 3.1 Block Wise Geographical Information of Villages & Panchayat

Sl. No.	Name of the Block	Geographical Area	No. of Gram Panchayat	No. of villages
1	Chaibasa	15778.36	9	77
2	Khuntpani	35129.65	12	116
3	Tantnagar	20808.10	11	76
4	Manjhari	31371.64	12	64
5	Manjhgaon	27988.18	12	88
6	Kumardungi	37801.30	12	83
7	Jhinkpani	27874.48	10	51
8	Jagannathpur	30891.96	14	89
9	Tonto	38934.04	11	84
10	Noamundi	41130.32	11	71
11	Chakradharpur	38756.25	18	183
12	Sonua	47215.86	18	172
13	Goilkera`	31583.26	18	166
14	Manoharpur	56046.74	20	156
15	Bandgaon	38515.22	16	216
	Total	519825.36	204	1692

3.2 Socio-Economic Features

Demographic Pattern : The total population of the district is 12,31,958 as per 2001 census, of which 6,18,073 are male 6,13,885 are female. The population density per square KM is 237 with sex ratio of 993 per 1000 males. The scheduled tribe population constitutes 65.31% and scheduled cast constitutes 4.68% of the total population of the district. The block wise demographic pattern of the district is given in table 3.2

Table 3.2 Block Wise Area Demographic Pattern Of West Singhbhum

Sl.No	Block	Total Population (Census 2001)	% of Literacy	Sex wise		Workers No.		Category wise
				Total No. of Male	Total No. of Female	Agriculture	Non-Agriculture	SC	ST	Others
1	Sadar Chaibasa	136006	57.84	69844	66162	19929	18086	5788	59615	48667
2	Khuntpani	63544	33.85	31431	32113	20309	2473	779	47642	8904
3	Tantnagar	48654	33.45	24183	24471	14630	870	647	32966	9786
4	Manjhgaon	54093	28.43	26751	27342	19015	859	1005	37555	4839
5	Manjhari	56670	32.70	27953	28717	19100	1698	1124	35275	12504
6	Kumardungi	66696	28.76	32793	33903	23239	1476	1385	44269	2846
7	Jhinkpani	72901	34.58	36200	36701	18455	5091	2619	40421	21237
8	Jagannathpur	84565	39.09	42252	42313	22039	5370	4714	41493	26686
9	Tonto	53911	24.52	26921	26990	16584	1287	1520	38143	6739
10	Nuamundi	99812	44.85	50986	48826	14578	13400	7105	46520	32607
11	Chakradharpur	168922	49.73	85099	83823	35910	16237	9214	69313	71813
12	Sonua	81266	33.20	40649	40617	25633	4148	4432	48529	20319
13	Goelkera	76535	25.91	38278	38257	23897	2121	1318	56223	8821
14	Manoharpur	103096	36.75	51925	51171	27824	5786	5295	59787	24649
15	Bandgaon	65287	31.17	32808	32479	20958	1723	3549	48419	8566
TOTAL		1231958	35.66	618073	613885	322100	80625	50494	706170	308983

LITERACY : The block wise literacy rate was given in table 3.2. The overall literacy rate of the district is 38.54%

OCCUPATION : The percentage of main workers to total population of the district is 37.2 and the percentage of agricultural labour to total main workers is 79.98%. The block wise information on workforce engaged in different occupations is given in table 3.2

HOUSEHOLDS : There are total 1692 villages in the district in which 47 villages are un-inhabited. The block wise details are given in table 3.3

Table 3.3 Block wise Information on Villages

Sl. No.	Block	No. of Villages		Total
		Inhabited	Un-inhabited
1	Sadar Chaibasa	76	01	77
2	Khuntpani	116	-	116
3	Tantnagar	76	-	76
4	Manjhgaon	87	01	88
5	Manjhari	64	-	65
6	Kumardungi	83	-	83
7	Jhinkpani	51	-	51
8	Jagannathpur	85	04	89
9	Tonto	80	04	84
10	Nuamundi	64	7	71
11	Chakradharpur	169	14	183
12	Sonua	165	07	172
13	Goelkera	161	05	166
14	Manoharpur	155	01	156
15	Bandgaon	213	03	216
TOTAL		1645	47	1692

3.3 LAND UTILIZATION :

Total geographical area of the district is 5.198 lakh hectare out of which nearly 42.5% area comes under net cultivated area, 21% covered forests and the rest 36.5% area fall under barren, cultivable west, pasture and other agricultural use. The land utilization pattern of different blocks of West Singbhum District is given in table 3.4.

Table 3.4 LAND USE CLASSIFICATION

Block	Geogra phical Area (in ha.)	Cultiv able Area (in ha.)	Cultivated Area (in ha.)	Cultivable waste land	Current Fallow	Forest Land	Pasture	Land put to Non-Agric.	Land under misc. plantation	Barren & Cultivable Waste land
Sadar Chaibasa	15778.36	11091.64	9739.34	696.88	1834.87	40.10	46.04	1061.66	-	1007.17
Khuntpani	35129.65	13355.02	8853.83	4897.37	4658.70	4825.38	-	4632.98	-	2760.20
Tantnagar	20808.10	11180.36	3920.66	1847.43	1279.84	851.16	344.33	2232.86	237.08	2835.04
Manjhgaon	31371.64	13312.14	8647.95	1043.96	4324.93	8327.28	-	2256.39	-	2106.94
Manjhari	27988.18	15067.46	12953.32	1048.42	2970.18	4856.79	-	1600.66	660.54	1784.13
Kumardungi	37801.30	15378.48	11441.15	1462.14	4481.01	11819.21	28.21	1877.43	79.05	2675.77
Jhinkpani	27874.48	16379.31	9549.02	1270.00	1855.26	2651.56	1484.47	1689.77	226.91	2317.20
Jagannathpur	30891.96	14955.32	12411.08	2415.05	3185.03	3520.43	20.17	2441.25	767.93	3586.78
Tonto	38934.04	9941.07	8629.00	3171.73	3817.16	13727.03	-	3199.02	-	5078.03
Nuamundi	41130.32	11106.73	12411.08	3479.13	6906.50	11945.23	136.84	2153.21	1280.25	4122.43
Chakradharpur	38756.25	19595.84	17193.70	2127.06	4852.36	6339.35	284.54	3743.93	47.83	1765.34
Sonua	47215.86	15133.89	10153.59	3600.07	6181.14	13780.17	192.28	3173.62	411.52	4743.14
Goelkera	31583.26	12776.69	10902.07	2192.37	3597.11	7174.03	14.99	2268.44	128.48	3431.15
Manoharpur	56046.74	19544.31	15725.34	4005.61	5358.30	15159.73	-	5893.85	705.22	5379.72
Bandgaon	38515.22	21306.99	12663.07	1981.41	5626.25	4606.63	70.67	2163.48	1040.29	1719.53
TOTAL	519825.36	220125.25	165194.20	35238.63	60928.64	109624.08	2622.54	40388.55	5585.10	45312.57

3.4 Agro-Climatic Information

The state of Jharkhand has been divided into three zones namely zone IV central & north eastern plateau zone consisting district of Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Bokaro, Giridih, Kodarma, Dhanbad, Deoghar, Godda, Dumka, Sahibgang & Pakur ), zone V ( Western plateau zone consisting districts of Lohardaga, Gumla, Palamau, Garhwa & Chatra ) and zone VI (South Eastern Plateau Zone consisting districts of East and West Singhbhum ) The agro-climatic conditions of the zones and their characteristics have been summarized in table 3.5

Table 3.5 Agro- Climatic Condition of Jharkhand State

Agro-Climatic Conditions of Jharkhand
Parameter	Zones
1. Rainfall (m.m)	Central and North Eastern Plateau IV	Western Plateau V	South Eastern Platieau VI
June-Sept	1089 (82.4%)	1174 (83.3%)	1053 (80.6%)
Oct-Nov	90 (6.0%)	96 (6.7%)	69 (5.3%)
Dec-Feb	54 (4.1%)	71 (5.0%)	58 (4.4%)
March-May	88 (6.1%)	68 (4.8%)	122 (9.4%)
Total	1321	1409	1304
2. Temp ^0C
Average	25.2 ^0C	25.8 ^0C	27.2 ^0C
Maximum	44.2 ^0C	43.6 ^0C	44.0 ^0C
Minimum	04.8 ^0C	05.3 ^0C	06.6 ^0C
3. Soil
Texture	Sandy loam to loam	Sandy loam to loam	Loamy sand to clay
pH	5.0-6.0	5.5-6.5	5.0-5.5
Org C(%)	0.2-0.8	0.2-0.6	0.2-0.5
Avail P(kg/ha)	10-40	10-40	4-20
Avail k(kg/ha)	160-350	150-300	150-250

Agro-Ecological Situation : Based on variation in Topography, Soil type, availability of irrigation & cropping pattern each agro-climatic zones has been divided into several agro-ecological situations or farming situations with a view to generate location specific technologies to cater to the needs of the farmers as described in table no. 3.6

Table 3.6 Identified Agro-Ecological Situations in West Singhbhum District

Sl. No. AES	Agro Ecological Situation	Approximate coverage (%)	Special Features	Representative villages	Blocks
1.	Kolhan-Porahat upper plateau rain fed and dense forest based	20	Comparatively at higher altitude, hilly tracts, moderate temperature regime, high rainfall, dense forest based, iron rich red laterite soils, presence of natural streams. Ber & Palas trees found	1. Lumbai 2. Baraiburu	1. Bandhgaon 2. Nuvamundi
2.	Kolhan lower plateau rain fed moderately high & forest based	30	Comparatively at moderate altitude, high rainfall, forest based, organic matter rich soils, availability of medicinal & aromatic plants and goatery predominant enterprise.	1. Kulaburu 2. Anjedbeda	1. Kumardungi 2. Khutpani
3.	Kolhan comparatively plain and rain fed	50	Comparatively plain lands, rare forest vegetation, less rainfall, higher temperature, soils are sandy & loamy and engulfed with tiny (rainy) seasonal rivulets.	1. Kudahatu 2. Barkundia	1.Jagannathpur 2. Sadar Chaibasa

Climate - The climate in general is classified as sub humid mega-thermal with large winter water deficiency. Climate of the cropping season changes from hot to humid during major parts of kharif (June to Sept), and cold to arid during rabi (Octobers to March).

Temperature - The temperature varies across different AES. In block of Noamundi, place like Kiruburu, Meghatuburu and Tholkobad, those in higher altitude of 600 to 610 meter the average temperature is much lower then the average temperature of the district. In these areas even in summer season the nocturnal temperature is 4 ⁰C to 5 ⁰C less then that of the relatively planer areas of the district. Even in hot summer these areas have dramatically lower temperature & cooler weather. The highest temperature month of this district is May to June 2^nd week. Maximum temperature rises up to 43 ⁰C to 44 ⁰C and minimum of that day up to 27 to 30C. December or January are the coldest month lowest temperature are recorded in the month of January. Though the minimum-recorded temperature is 6 ⁰C but it generally varies between 7 ⁰C to 9 ⁰C. However month wise daily temperatures are depicted in table no. 3.7. However the records of humidity were not maintained here.

Table 3.7 Whether Parameter of West Singhbhum District

Sl. No.	Month	Max. Temp ^0C	Min. Temp ^0C	Avg. Temp ^0C
1	January	17	6.2	11.6
2	February	21	8	14.5
3	March	29.9	14.5	22.2
4	April	34.6	17	25.8
5	May	44.3	28.2	36.25
6	June	42.1	26	34.05
7	July	41.5	25.2	33.35
8	August	36.2	22.4	29.3
9	September	32.2	20.2	26.2
10	October	29	18.2	23.6
11	November	25	15.3	20.15
12	December	18	9.3	13.65

Rainfall – There is large variation in the amount of total rainfall (900mm to 1500mm). The normal rainfall of the district in 1250.43mm against the state average of 1340mm about 90 percent of the total rainfall occurs during four monsoon month is June to September, during the monsoon redden peak amounting 200 to 350mm of rainfall in a week with intensities as high as 250mm per day have been observed. Monthly average rainfall the district for last 10 years (91 to 2000) is shown in the table 3.8 & Fig uyuu. The rainfall recorded in different blocks of West Singhbhum is given in Table No. 3.9.

Table 3.8 Monthly Average Rainfall of West Singhbhum District.

Month	Ave. Rainfall in yr 1991	Ave. Rainfall in yr 1992	Ave. Rainfall in yr 1993	Ave. Rainfall in yr 1994	Ave. Rainfall in yr 1995	Ave. Rainfall in yr 1996	Ave. Rainfall in yr 1997	Ave. Rainfall in yr 1998	Ave. Rainfall in yr 1999	Ave. Rainfall in yr 2000	Ave. Rainfall of ten yrs
January	6.83	8.50	0.00	3.50	23.93	17.21	6.97	128.56	0.00	1.00	19.65
February	5.00	3.81	0.00	23.24	9.76	9.47	1.91	11.14	0.00	30.16	9.45
March	13.95	5.66	14.16	0.00	30.00	1.54	6.17	49.20	0.00	0.00	12.07
April	22.73	9.33	82.65	20.69	3.95	7.67	31.56	51.24	0.00	21.08	25.09
May	32.32	52.43	98.81	55.09	75.73	30.56	33.07	48.37	167.50	78.64	67.25
June	46.51	171.43	213.65	329.40	136.32	329.29	267.61	84.91	248.34	198.04	202.55
July	236.42	304.39	232.22	548.67	293.40	277.81	298.70	187.98	305.50	289.32	297.44
August	384.19	232.18	278.23	295.70	319.92	272.76	354.69	122.91	336.90	112.38	270.99
September	169.75	215.18	280.94	135.56	346.22	74.27	117.83	183.16	274.28	261.45	205.86
October	32.38	17.56	32.90	69.24	59.78	18.23	39.10	103.00	163.52	19.04	55.48
November	3.58	7.00	3.20	2.50	73.00	0.00	22.76	51.06	2.05	0.00	16.52
December	29.30	0.00	1.23	0.00	8.85	0.00	45.63	0.00	0.00	0.00	8.50
TOTAL	982.96	1027.47	1237.99	1483.59	1380.86	1038.81	1226	1021.53	1498.09	1011.11	1190.84

3.9 Block Wise Rainfall in the West Singhbhum District

SL.NO	NAME OF THE BLOCK	YEAR
		1998	1999	2000
1	CHAIBASA	No Rain Gauge	No Rain Gauge	1155.7 (From Hospital)
2	KHUNTPANI	"	"	No Rain Gauge
3	JHINKPANI	"	"	"
4	TONTO	"	"	"
5	JAGANNATHPUR	"	"	"
6	NOAMUNDI	"	"	"
7	MAGHGAON	1214.40	966.80	974.00
8	KUMARDUNGI	1208.80	1820.90	1115.70
9	MANJHARI	684.00	1052.50	802.00
10	TANTNAGAR	1254.20	1325.20	NA.
11	CKP	667.00	No Rain Gauge	No Rain Gauge
12	SONUA	767.50	997.30	695.20
13	GOILKERA	No Rain Gauge	No Rain Gauge	No Rain Gauge
14	MANOHARPUR	"	"	"
15	BANDGAON	"	"	"
TOTAL AVERAGE		965.98 (6 BLOCK)	1232.54 (5 BLOCK)	948.52 (5 BLOCK)

3.5 SOIL

Soils of this region are sedentary which developed from various rack systems mainly Archen Rocks (Granite Granite-Gneiss, Quartzite & Micaschist). Certain isolated areas of Granite are also seen and named as Singhbhum Granite extending from Chaibasa to Orissa. As a result soils developed in the district are very old and due to intensive leaching over the years, soils of the area are of poor fertility status. The soils are old with low base content, low cation exchange capacity (5-15 dSm-1), acidic in reaction low phosphate content. The characteristic of upland, medium land and low land are given below

Upland (64.8% of Cultivable Land)

¨ Red, brownish red in colour

¨ Light textured

¨ Well drained

¨ Acidic soil reaction

¨ Poor in organic carbon, nitrogen, Ca, Mg, P and S.

Medium Land (23.6% of Cultivable Area)

¨ Yellow, Yellowish in colour

¨ Light to medium textured

¨ Moderately acidic

¨ Poor in nitrogen, Ca, Mg and Organic matter

Low Land (11.6% of Cultivable Area)

¨ Grey or grayish in colour

¨ Heavy textured

¨ Neutral to slightly alkaline soil reaction

¨ Poor drained

¨ Medium in nitrogen and organic matter

Deficiency of Potassium, Sulphur, Boron and Molybdenum are reported in soils of the district.

3.6 IRRIGATION :

West Singhbhum has got 14.68 % of net sown area under different sources of irrigation. The block wise irrigated area is given in Table No. 3.10.

Rainfed Area : West Singhbhum has got 85.31% of net sown area under rainfed condition. Natural calamities such as high or low rainfall, early or late monsoon, high torrention rainfall, its uneven distribution during the monsoon period are the main causes which adversely effect in the progress of agriculture.

Table No. 3.10 BLOCK WISE IRRIGAED AND

RAINFED AREA OF WEST SINGHBHUM DISTRICT

Sl. No.	BLOCK	IRRIGATED AREA (In ha)	%	RAINFED AREA (In ha)	%
1	SADAR CHAIBASA	4632	39.63	7055	60.37
2	KHUNTPANI	3560	33.1	7193	66.90
3	JHINKPANI	702	7.19	9050	92.81
4	TONTO	804	3.29	8952	96.71
5	JAGANNATHPUR	348	7.68	10182	92.32
6	NOAMUNDI	460	4.13	10655	95.87
7	MANJHGAON	572	3.55	15496	96.45
8	KUMARDUNGI	1457	7.60	17706	92.40
9	MANJHARI	1692	15.56	9181	84.44
10	TANTNAGAR	1980	13.09	13146	86.91
11	CHAKRADHARPUR	7074	49.56	7197	50.44
12	SONUA	2100	16.06	10972	83.94
13	GOELKERA	387	3.45	11191	96.55
14	MANOHARPUR	469	3.14	14442	96.86
15	BANDGAON	1250	14.63	7293	85.37
GRAND TOTAL		27487	14.68	159711	85.31

3.7 Information on Land based system

Agriculture production system

Agriculture is the main stays of the economy of the district. Since the population of the ST & SC is 70 % of the total population and the literacy rate is 38.54 % most of the farmers take up agriculture as subsistence enterprise. Rice is the major crop of the district. The other important crops of the district are Ragi, Small millet, Maize, Vegetable, horsegram & Niger. The principal crops in terms of coverage and importance are given in table 3.11

Table 3.11 Principles crops of the District

Sl. No.	Crop	Kharif	Rabi
1.	Cereals	Rice, Ragi, Maize, Small millets	Wheat
2.	Pulses	Arhar, Kulthi, Urad, Mung	Gram, Pea, Lentil
3.	Oilseeds Crops	Ground nut, Soybean, Nizer, Sesmum	Mustard, Toria, Rye, Linseed, Safflower,
4.	Vegetable Crops	Bhindi, Chilli, Cucurbits, Bean	Potato, Onion, Brinjal, Tomato
5.	Fruit Crops	Papaya, Custard Apple, Jackfruit, Guava, Mango, Ber, Chironji
6.	Other Crops	Sugarcane

Note :- *At few places in the district, where irrigation water in available, in

summer also farmers take rice and vegetables at very scanty level.

Table 3.12 Area, Production & Productivity Of Field Crops Of West Singhbhum

(A = '000 Hec., P = '000 MT, Y = Kg/Hec.)

Crops	1985-86			1990-91			1995-96			2000-01
	A	Y	P	A	Y	P	A	Y	P	A	Y	P
Paddy	375.54	1000	375.54	380.40	1193	454.84	258.43	1369	353.79	239.29	1724	412.71
Wheat	5.148	1120	5.766	8.654	1532	13.26	2.883	1763	5.08	1.66	1441.8	1.40
Maize	11.15	1614	18.00	8.973	942	8.455	6.747	1496.9	10.00	5.946	1668.9	9.92
(Pulse) Arhar	5.728	1000	5.728	1.960	740	1.450	2.802	658	1.8437	2.370	940	2.227.8
Urad	9.402	500	2.168	14.509	431	6.253	9.188	595	5.4669	8.768	626.87	5.49639
Moong	4.335	500	4.701	2.912	472	1.379	1.967	520	1.0228	1.789	533	9.5353
Kulthi				2.667	481	1.283				.598	477	2.8525
Gram	3.554	598	2.1253	3.923	551	2.162	2.023	896	1.8126	1.460	987.58	1.44188
Lentil (Masoor)	1.921	500	.96050	1.937	502	.972	1.337	562	.75130	.747	703.10	.52522
Pea	.659	500	.32950	.514	521	.268	.460	587	.27002	.655	702.60	.46020
Oil Seeds Groundnut	980	650	637	1555	1012	1574	898	883.39	793.28	669	646.20	432.30
Sesamum	1155	370	427	772	361	270	947	314	297.36	518	421.50	218.34
Soybean				1036	116	120
Niger	1.935	450129	.871	2.097	423.19	.887				.365	460	.16790
Rapeseed, Mustard & Toria	2.242	450	1.009	2.728	665	1.814	1.609	473	.761	1.442	450.86	.65014
Linseed	3.751	430	1.613	4.015	407	1.634	2.649	453.17	1.205	2.403	427.75	1.02788
Safflower	.071	500	.035	.021	610	.013				.028	495.50	.01388

Note : This data are of Un-divided Singhbhum District

The trend in Area, Production & Productivity of thrust crops of the district during the year 1985-86, 1990-91, 1995-96 & 2000-01 are illustrated in following figures.

Table 3.13 Area, Production & Productivity of Major Field Crops of West Singhbhum

Year 2001-02
Crops	Area (in ha)	Production (in MT)	Productivity (in Kg/ha)
Paddy	172271	254989	1384.28
Maize	3320	3726.70	1122.50
Wheat	1347	2350.80	1745.27
Arhar	1214	542.80	447.14